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OSI & TCP/IP Models
Seven OSI layers, four TCP/IP layers, one networking world.
PDU = Protocol Data Unit. Each layer has its own name for the unit of data it works with: Bits, Frame, Packet, Segment, or just "Data." As data moves down the stack to send, each layer wraps it in a header and the PDU name changes.
OSI · 7 layers
TCP / IP · 4 layers

Memory aids

Top down (Layer 7 → 1)
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Application · Presentation · Session · Transport · Network · Data Link · Physical
Bottom up (Layer 1 → 7)
Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
Physical · Data Link · Network · Transport · Session · Presentation · Application
PDUs at each layer (top down)
Data · Data · Data · Segment · Packet · Frame · Bits
Levels 7–5 all carry "data"; the change starts at Layer 4.
Click a chip to select it, then click the layer where it belongs. Click a placed chip to send it back.
Pool · protocols, devices, PDUs
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